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    Okta Expression Language overview

    This document details the features and syntax of the Okta Expression Language (EL). You can use this language throughout the Admin Console and API for Okta Classic Engine and Okta Identity Engine.

    Note: Use the features and syntax of the Okta Expression Language in Identity Engine if you're using EL for the following features:

    Okta Expression Language is based on SpEL (opens new window) and uses a subset of the functionalities offered by SpEL.

    Expressions can reference, transform, and combine attributes before storing them on a user profile or passing them to an app for authentication or provisioning. For example, you might use a custom expression to create a username by stripping @company.com from an email address. Or, you might combine the firstName and lastName attributes into a single displayName attribute.

    Note: In this reference, $placeholder denotes a value that you need to replace with an appropriate variable. For example, in user.$attribute, $attribute can be replaced with firstName, lastName, email, and other valid values.

    Reference user attributes

    When you create an Okta expression, you can reference any attribute that lives on an Okta user profile or app user profile.

    Okta user profile

    Every user has an Okta user profile. The user profile is the central source of truth for the core attributes of a user. To reference a user profile attribute, specify user. and the attribute variable name. For a list of core user profile attributes, see the profile parameter properties (opens new window).

    Syntax Definitions examples
    user.$attribute user reference to the Okta user
    $attribute the attribute variable name    		 user.firstName
    user.lastName
    user.login
    user.email

    Note: You can also access the user ID for each user with the following expression: user.getInternalProperty("id").

    Application user profile

    In addition to an Okta user profile, all users have a separate app user profile for each of their apps. Application user profiles store app-specific information about users, such as the app userName or user role.

    To reference a profile attribute of an app user, specify the app variable and the attribute variable in the user profile of the app. In specifying the app, you can either name the specific app you're referencing or use an implicit reference to an in-context app.

    Note: The app reference is usually the name of the app, as distinct from the label (display name). See Application properties (opens new window). If your org configures multiple instances of the same app, a randomly assigned suffix differentiates the names of the subsequent instances, for example: zendesk_9ao1g13. The name of any specific app instance in the Profile Editor appears in lighter text beneath the label of the app.

    Syntax Definitions examples
    $app.$attribute $app explicit reference to specific app instance
    $attribute the attribute variable name for the app instance's user profile    		 zendesk.firstName
    active_directory.managerUpn
    google_apps.email
    appuser.$attribute appuser implicit reference to in-context app
    $attribute the attribute variable name    		 appuser.firstName

    Note: Explicit references to apps aren't supported for OAuth 2.0/OIDC custom claims. See Expressions for OAuth 2.0/OIDC custom claims.

    IdP user profile

    In addition to an Okta user profile, some users have separate IdP user profiles for their external Identity Provider. These IdP user profiles are used to store IdP-specific information about a user. You can use this data in an EL expression to transform an external user's username into the equivalent Okta username.

    To reference an IdP user profile attribute, specify the IdP variable and the corresponding attribute variable for the IdP user profile of that Identity Provider. This profile is only available when specifying the username transform used to generate an Okta username for the IdP user.

    Syntax Definitions Examples
    idpuser.$attribute idpuser implicit reference to in-context IdP
    $attribute the attribute variable name    		 idpuser.firstName

    Note: In the Universal Directory, the base Okta user profile has about 30 attributes. You can add any number of custom attributes. All app user profiles have a username attribute and possibly others depending on the app. To find a full list of Okta user and app user attributes and their variable names, in the Admin Console go to People > Profile Editor. If you're not using Universal Directory, contact your support or professional services team.

    Reference app and organization properties

    In addition to referencing user attributes, you can also reference app properties and the properties of your org. To reference a particular attribute, specify the appropriate binding and the attribute variable name. The binding for an app is its name with _app appended. The app name can be found as described in the profile attributes of an app user.

    Application properties

    Syntax Definitions examples
    $app.$attribute $app explicit reference to specific app instance
    $attribute the attribute variable name    		 office365_app.domain
    zendesk_app.companySubDomain
    app.$attribute app implicit reference to in-context app instance
    $attribute the attribute variable name    		 app.domain
    app.companySubDomain

    Note: Explicit references to apps aren't supported for custom OAuth 2.0/OIDC claims.

    Organization properties

    Syntax Definitions Examples
    org.$attribute org reference to Okta org
    $attribute the attribute variable name    		 org.name
    org.subDomain

    Reference session properties

    In addition to referencing user, app, and organization properties, you can also reference user session properties. Session properties allow you to configure Okta to pass dynamic authentication context to SAML apps through the assertion using custom SAML attributes. The app can then use that information to limit access to certain app-specific behaviors and calculate the risk profile for the signed-in user.

    Session properties

    Syntax Definitions Evaluation example
    session.amr session reference to a user's session
    amr the attribute name that is resolvable to an array of Authentication Method References (opens new window)    		 ["pwd"]—password used by the user for authentication
    ["mfa", "pwd", "kba"]—password and MFA Security Question used by the user for authentication
    ["mfa", "mca", "pwd", "sms"]—password and MFA SMS used by the user for authentication

    Functions

    Okta offers various functions to manipulate attributes or properties to generate a desired output. You can combine and nest functions inside a single expression.

    String functions

    Function Input parameter signature Return type example Output
    String.append (String str, String suffix) String String.append("This is", " a test") This is a test
    String.join (String separator, String... strings) String String.join(",", "This", "is", "a", "test") This,is,a,test
    String.join("", "This", "is", "a", "test") Thisisatest
    String.len (String input) Integer String.len("This") 4
    String.removeSpaces (String input) String String.removeSpaces("This is a test") Thisisatest
    String.replace (String input, String match, String replacement) String String.replace("This is a test", "is", "at") That at a test
    String.replaceFirst (String input, String match, String replacement) String String.replaceFirst("This is a test", "is", "at") That is a test
    String.startsWith (String input, String starts) Boolean String.startsWith("Kiss", "K") true
    String.stringContains (String input, String searchString) Boolean String.stringContains("This is a test", "test") true
    String.stringContains("This is a test", "doesn'tExist") false
    String.stringSwitch (String input, String defaultString, String... keyValuePairs) String String.stringSwitch("This is a test", "default", "key1", "value1") default
    String.stringSwitch("This is a test", "default", "test", "value1") value1
    String.stringSwitch("First match wins", "default", "absent", "value1", "wins", "value2", "match", "value3") value2
    String.stringSwitch("Substrings count", "default", "ring", "value1") value1
    String.substring (String input, int startIndex, int endIndex) String String.substring("This is a test", 2, 9) is is a
    String.substringAfter (String input, String searchString) String String.substringAfter("abc@okta.com", "@") okta.com
    String.substringBefore (String input, String searchString) String String.substringBefore("abc@okta.com", "@") abc
    String.toUpperCase (String input) String String.toUpperCase("This") THIS
    String.toLowerCase (String input) String String.toLowerCase("ThiS") this

    The following Deprecated functions perform some of the same tasks as the ones in the previous table.

    Function Example Input Output
    toUpperCase(string) toUpperCase(source.firstName) Alexander ALEXANDER
    toLowerCase(string) toLowerCase(source.firstName) AlexANDER alexander
    substringBefore(string, string) substringBefore(user.email, '@') alex@okta.com alex
    substringAfter(string, string) substringAfter(user.email, '@') alex@okta.com okta.com
    substring(string, int, int) substring(source.firstName, 1, 4) Alexander lex

    Array functions

    Function Return type Example Output
    Arrays.add(array, value) Array Arrays.add(user.arrayAttribute, 40) {10, 20, 30, 40}
    Arrays.remove(array, value) Array Arrays.remove(user.arrayAttribute, 20) {10, 30}
    Arrays.clear(array) Array Arrays.clear(user.arrayAttribute) { }
    Arrays.get(array, position) - Arrays.get({0, 1, 2}, 0) 0
    Arrays.flatten(list of values) Array Arrays.flatten(10, {20, 30}, 40)
    Arrays.flatten('10, 20, 30, 40')    		 {10, 20, 30, 40}
    Arrays.contains(array, value) Boolean Arrays.contains({10, 20, 30}, 10) true
    Arrays.contains({10, 20, 30}, 50) false
    Arrays.size(array) Integer Arrays.size({10, 20, 30}) 3
    Arrays.size(NULL) 0
    Arrays.isEmpty(array) Boolean Arrays.isEmpty({10, 20}) false
    Arrays.isEmpty(NULL) true
    Arrays.toCsvString(array) String Arrays.toCsvString({"This", "is", " a ", "test"}) This,is, a ,test

    Note: You can use comma-separated values (CSV) as an input parameter for all Arrays* functions. These values are converted into arrays.

    Conversion functions

    Data conversion functions

    Function Return type Example Input Output
    Convert.toInt(string) Integer Convert.toInt(val) String val = '1234' 1234
    Convert.toInt(double) Integer Convert.toInt(val) Double val = 123.4 123
    Double val = 123.6 124
    Convert.toNum(string) Double Convert.toNum(val) String val = '3.141' 3.141

    Note: The Convert.toInt(double) function rounds the passed numeric value either up or down to the nearest integer. Be sure to consider integer-type range limitations when converting from a number to an integer with this function.

    Note: When using group rule expressions, the following expression isn't allowed, even if the user profile has a custom integer attribute called yearJoined: Convert.toInt("2018") == user.yearJoined

    Country code conversion functions

    These functions convert between ISO 3166-1 2-character country codes (Alpha 2), 3-character country codes (Alpha 3), numeric country codes, and full ISO country names.

    Function Return type Example Output
    Iso3166Convert.toAlpha2(string) String Iso3166Convert.toAlpha2("IND") IN
    Iso3166Convert.toAlpha3(string) String Iso3166Convert.toAlpha3("840") USA
    Iso3166Convert.toNumeric(string) String Iso3166Convert.toNumeric("USA") 840
    Iso3166Convert.toName(string) String Iso3166Convert.toName("IN") India

    Note: All these functions take ISO 3166-1 2-character country codes (Alpha 2), 3-character country codes (Alpha 3), and numeric country codes as input. The function determines the input type and returns the output in the format specified by the function name.

    See the ISO 3166-1 online lookup tool (opens new window).

    Group functions

    Group functions return either an array of groups or True or False.

    Function Return type Example
    getFilteredGroups Array getFilteredGroups({"00gml2xHE3RYRx7cM0g3"}, "group.name", 40)
    Groups.contains Array Groups.contains(app_type/app_instance_id, pattern, limit)
    Groups.startsWith Array Groups.startsWith(app_type/app_instance_id, pattern, limit)
    Groups.endsWith Array Groups.endsWith(app_type/app_instance_id, pattern, limit)
    isMemberOfGroupName Boolean isMemberOfGroupName("group1")
    isMemberOfGroup Boolean isMemberOfGroup("groupId")
    isMemberOfAnyGroup Boolean isMemberOfAnyGroup("groupId1", "groupId2", "groupId3")
    isMemberOfGroupNameStartsWith Boolean isMemberOfGroupNameStartsWith("San Fr")
    isMemberOfGroupNameContains Boolean isMemberOfGroupNameContains("admin")
    isMemberOfGroupNameRegex Boolean isMemberOfGroupNameRegex("/.*admin.*")

    Note: The Groups.contains, Groups.startsWith, and Groups.endsWith group functions are designed to work only with group claims. You can't use these functions with property mappings.

    Note: The isMemberOfGroupName, isMemberOfGroup, isMemberOfAnyGroup, isMemberOfGroupNameStartsWith, isMemberOfGroupNameContains, isMemberOfGroupNameRegex group functions are designed to retrieve only an Okta user's group memberships. Don't use them to retrieve an app user's group memberships.

    Note: When EL group functions (such as isMemberOfGroup or isMemberOfGroupName) are used for app assignments, the profile attributes of the app user aren't updated or reapplied when the user's group membership changes. Okta only updates app user profile attributes when an app is assigned to a user or when mappings are applied.

    For more information on using group functions for dynamic and static allowlists, see Customize tokens returned from Okta.

    Important: When you use Groups.startsWith, Groups.endsWith, or Groups.contains, the pattern argument is matched and populated on the name attribute rather than the group's email (for example, when using a Google Workspace). If you're targeting groups that may have duplicate group names (such as Google groups), use the getFilteredGroups group function instead.

    Example: getFilteredGroups({"00gml2xHE3RYRx7cM0g3"}, "group.name", 40) )

    See the parameter examples section of Use group functions for static group allowlists.

    Linked object function

    Use this function to retrieve the user identified with the specified primary relationship. You can then access the properties of that user.

    user.getLinkedObject($primaryName):

    • Parameter: (String primaryName)
    • Return type: User
    • Example: user.getLinkedObject("manager").lastName
    • Example result: Gates

    Time functions

    Time functions take their input in the form of strings. Inputting empty strings might result in unexpected behavior. Consider checking for empty strings before using these functions.

    Function Input parameter signature Return type Example output
    Time.now (String timeZoneId, String format) String Time.now() 2015-07-31T17:18:37.979Z (Current time, UTC format)
    Time.now("EST") 2015-07-31T13:30:49.964-04:00 (Specified time zone)
    Time.now("EST", "YYYY-MM-dd HH:mm:ss") 2015-07-31 13:36:48 (Specified time zone and format, military time)
    Time.fromWindowsToIso8601 (String time) String Windows timestamp time as a string (Windows/LDAP timestamp doc) The time expressed in ISO 8601 format (specifically the RFC 3339 subset of the ISO standard)
    Time.fromUnixToIso8601 (String time) String Unix timestamp time as a string (Unix timestamp reference) The time expressed in ISO 8601 format (specifically the RFC 3339 subset of the ISO standard).
    Time.fromStringToIso8601 (String time, String format) String Timestamp time in a human-readable yet machine-parseable arbitrary format (as defined by the Joda time pattern (opens new window)) The time expressed in ISO 8601 format (specifically the RFC 3339 subset of the ISO standard)
    Time.fromIso8601ToWindows (String time) String ISO 8601 timestamp time as a string The time expressed in Windows timestamp format
    Time.fromIso8601ToUnix (String time) String ISO 8601 timestamp time as a string The time expressed in Unix timestamp format
    Time.fromIso8601ToString (String time, String format) String ISO 8601 timestamp time converted to format using the same Joda time pattern (opens new window) semantics as fromStringToIso8601 The time expressed in Joda timestamp format

    Note: Both input parameters are optional for the Time.now function. The time zone ID supports both new and old style formats, listed previously. The third example for the Time.now function shows how to specify the military time format.

    Okta supports the use of the time zone IDs and aliases listed in the Time zone codes table.

    Manager/assistant functions

    Function Description Example
    getManagerUser(managerSource).$attribute Gets the manager's Okta user attribute values getManagerUser("active_directory").firstName
    getManagerAppUser(managerSource, attributeSource).$attribute Gets the manager's app user attribute values for the app user of any app instance. getManagerAppUser("active_directory", "google").firstName
    getAssistantUser(assistantSource).$attribute Gets the assistant's Okta user attribute values. getAssistantUser("active_directory").firstName
    getAssistantAppUser(assistantSource, attributeSource).$attribute Gets the assistant's app user attribute values for the app user of any app instance. getAssistantAppUser("active_directory", "google").firstName

    The following should be noted about these functions:

    • Be sure to pass the correct App name for the managerSource, assistantSource, and attributeSource parameters.
    • Currently, active_directory is the only supported value for managerSource and assistantSource.
    • Calling either of the getManagerUser() or getManagerAppUser() functions doesn't trigger a user profile update after the manager is changed.
    • The manager and assistant functions aren't supported for user profiles sourced from multiple Active Directory instances.
    • The manager and assistant functions aren't supported for user profile attributes from multiple app instances. That is, the expression getManagerUser("active_directory", "google").firstName returns null if your org has two or more instances of a google app.

    Directory and Workday functions

    Function Description
    hasDirectoryUser() Checks whether the user has an Active Directory (AD) assignment and returns true if the user has a single AD assignment or false if the user has either zero or multiple AD assignments
    hasWorkdayUser() Checks whether the user has a Workday assignment and returns a Boolean
    findDirectoryUser() Finds the Active Directory App user object and returns that object or null if the user has more than one or no Active Directory assignments
    findWorkdayUser() Finds the Workday App user object and returns that object or null if the user has more than one or no Workday assignments

    Use the previous functions together to check if a user has an Active Directory or Workday assignment, and if so, return a corresponding attribute. See the following 'Popular expressions' table for some examples.

    Constants and operators

    Common Actions Example
    Refer to a String constant 'Hello world'
    Refer to an Integer constant 1234
    Refer to a Number constant 3.141
    Refer to a Boolean constant true
    Refer to an Array element {1, 2, 3}[0] or user.arrayProperty[0]
    Concatenate two strings user.firstName + user.lastName
    Concatenate two strings with space user.firstName + " " + user.lastName
    Ternary operator example:
    If the group code is 123, assign the value of Sales, else assign Other    		 user.groupCode == 123 ? 'Sales' : 'Other'

    Conditional expressions

    You can specify IF/THEN/ELSE statements with the Okta EL. The primary use of these expressions is profile mappings and group rules. Group rules don't usually specify an ELSE component.

    The format for conditional expressions is:

    [Condition] ? [Value if TRUE] : [Value if FALSE]


    There are several rules for specifying the condition:

    • Expressions must have valid syntax.
    • Expressions must evaluate to a Boolean.
    • Expressions can't contain an assignment operator, such as =.
    • User attributes used in expressions can contain only available user or app user attributes.


    The following functions are supported in these conditions:

    • Any Okta Expression Language function
    • The AND operator
    • The OR operator
    • The ! operator to designate NOT
    • Standard relational operators including <, >, <=, and >=.
    • The matches operator to evaluate a string against a regular expression (Regex) Deprecated

    Note: Use the double equals sign == to check for equality and != for inequality.

    The following functions aren't supported in these conditions:

    • Conversion
    • Array
    • Time

    Conditional samples

    For these samples, assume that the user has the following attributes in Okta.

    Attribute Type
    firstName String
    lastName String
    middleInitial String
    fullName String
    honorificPrefix String
    email1 String
    email2 String
    additionalEmail Boolean
    city String
    salary Int
    isContractor Boolean

    Profile mapping samples

    The following samples are valid conditional expressions that apply to profile mapping. The attribute courtesyTitle is from another system being mapped to Okta.

    If the middle initial isn't empty, include it as part of the full name, using just the first character and appending a period.
    firstName + " " + (String.len(middleInitial) == 0 ? "" : (String.substring(middleInitial, 0, 1) + ". ")) + lastName

    Include the honorific prefix in front of the full name, or use the courtesy title instead if it exists. If both are absent, don't use any title.
    (courtesyTitle != "" ? (courtesyTitle + " ") : honorificPrefix != "" ? (honorificPrefix + " ") : "") + firstName + " " + (String.len(middleInitial) == 0 ? "" : (String.substring(middleInitial, 0, 1) + ". ")) + lastName

    Group rules samples

    The following samples are valid conditional expressions. The actions in these cases are group assignments.

    IF (implicit) Condition Assign to this group name if Condition is TRUE
    IF String.stringContains(user.department, "Sales") Sales
    IF user.city == "San Francisco" sfo
    IF user.salary >= 1000000 expensiveEmployee
    IF !user.isContractor fullTimeEmployees
    IF user.salary > 1000000 AND !user.isContractor expensiveFullTimeEmployees
    IF user.department matches "California-[a-zA-Z]+-Sales" californiaSalesTeams
    IF user.primaryPhone matches "(+\d{1,2}\s)?(?\d{3})?[\s.-]\d{3}[\s.-]\d{4}" allValidPhoneNumberTypes
    IF user.title matches '(?i)engineer' allEngineers

    Check for null and blank attributes

    To catch user attributes that are null or blank, use the following valid conditional expression:
    user.employeeNumber != "" AND user.employeeNumber != null ? user.employeeNumber : user.nonEmployeeNumber

    If a profile attribute has never been populated, catch it with the following expression:
    user.employeeNumber == null

    If a profile attribute was populated in the past but the content is removed, it's no longer null but an empty string. To catch these empty strings, use the following expression:
    user.employeeNumber == ""

    Sample user data:

    Value to obtain Expression Example output Explanation
    Firstname user.firstName Winston Obtain the value of the users' Firstname attribute.
    Firstname + Lastname user.firstName + user.lastName WinstonChurchill Obtain the Firstname and Lastname values and append each together.
    Firstname + Lastname with Separator user.firstName + "." + user.lastName Winston.Churchill Obtain Firstname value, append a "." character. Obtain and append the Lastname value.
    First initial + Lastname substring(user.firstName, 0, 1) + user.lastName WChurchill Obtain Firstname value. From the result, retrieve characters greater than position 0 through position 1, including position 1. Obtain and append the Lastname value.
    First initial + Lastname with Limit substring(user.firstName, 0, 1) + substring(user.lastName, 0, 6) WChurch Obtain Firstname value. From the result, retrieve 1 character starting at the beginning of the string. Obtain Last name value. From the result, retrieve characters greater than position 0 through position 6, including position 6.
    Lower Case First Initial + Lower Case Last name with Separator toLowerCase(substring( user.firstName, 0, 1)) + "." + toLowerCase(user.lastName) w.churchhill Obtain Firstname value. From the result, retrieve characters greater than position 0 through position 1, including position 1. Convert the result to lowercase. Append a "." character. Obtain the Lastname value. Convert to lowercase and append.
    Email Domain + Email Prefix with Separator toUpperCase(substringBefore( substringAfter(user.email, "@"), ".")) + "\" + substringBefore( user.email, "@") GMAIL\winston.churchill Obtain Email value. From the result, parse everything after the "@ character". From the result, parse everything before the "." character. Convert to uppercase. Append a backslash "" character. Obtain the email value again. From the result, parse for everything before the "@" character.
    Email Domain + Lowercase First Initial and Lastname with Separator toUpperCase(substringBefore( substringAfter(user.email, "@"), ".")) + "\" + toLowerCase(substring( user.firstName, 0, 1)) + toLowerCase(user.lastName) GMAIL\wchurchill Obtain Email value. From the result, parse everything after the "@ character". From the result, parse everything before the "." character. Convert to uppercase. Append a backslash "" character. Obtain the Firstname value. From the result, retrieve characters greater than position 0 through position 1, including position 1. Convert it to lowercase. Obtain the Lastname value and convert it to lowercase.
    Static Domain + Email Prefix with Separator "XDOMAIN\" + toLowerCase(substring( user.firstName, 0, 1)) + toLowerCase(user.lastName) XDOMAIN\wchurchill Add the XDOMAIN string. Append a backslash "" character. Obtain the Firstname value. From the result, retrieve characters greater than position 0 through position 1, including position 1. Convert it to lowercase. Obtain the Lastname value. Convert it to lowercase.
    Workday ID hasWorkdayUser() ? findWorkdayUser().employeeID : null 123456 Check if the user has a Workday assignment, and if so, return their Workday employee ID.
    Active Directory UPN hasDirectoryUser() ? findDirectoryUser().managerUpn : null bob@okta.com Check if the user has an Active Directory assignment, and if so, return their Active Directory manager UPN.

    Expressions for OAuth 2.0/OIDC custom claims

    Okta provides a few expressions that you can only use with OAuth 2.0/OIDC custom claims.

    Note: These expressions don't work for SAML 2.0 apps.

    Syntax Definitions Examples
    app.$attribute app refers to the name of the OIDC app.
    $attribute refers to the attribute variable name.    		 app.id
    app.clientId
    app.profile
    access.scope access refers to the access token that requests the scopes.
    scope refers to the array of granted scopes.    		 access.scope

    Samples for OAuth 2.0/OIDC

    App attributes samples

    To include an app profile label, use the following expression:
    app.profile.label

    See Include app-specific information in a custom claim.

    access.scope samples

    In API Access Management custom authorization servers, you can name a claim scope. Then, you can use the expression access.scope to return an array of granted scope strings.

    To include a granted scope array and convert it to a space-delimited string, use the following expression:
    String.replace(Arrays.toCsvString(access.scope),","," ")

    Expressions in group rules

    Group rule conditions only allow String, Arrays, and user expressions.

    For example, given the user profile has a base string attribute called email, and assuming the user profile has a custom Boolean attribute called hasBadge and a custom string attribute called favoriteColor, the following expressions are allowed in group rule conditions:

    • user.hasBadge
    • String.stringContains(user.email, "@example.com")
    • Arrays.contains(user.favoriteColors, "blue")

    The following expression using a data conversion function isn't allowed in group rule conditions, even if the user profile has a custom integer attribute called yearJoined: Convert.toInt("2018") == user.yearJoined.

    Appendix: Time zone codes

    Okta supports the use of the following time zone codes:

    Standard offset Canonical ID Aliases
    -12:00 Etc/GMT+12
    -11:00 Etc/GMT+11
    -11:00 Pacific/Apia
    -11:00 Pacific/Midway
    -11:00 Pacific/Niue
    -11:00 Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Samoa, US/Samoa
    -10:00 America/Adak America/Atka, US/Aleutian
    -10:00 Etc/GMT+10
    -10:00 HST
    -10:00 Pacific/Fakaofo
    -10:00 Pacific/Honolulu US/Hawaii
    -10:00 Pacific/Johnston
    -10:00 Pacific/Rarotonga
    -10:00 Pacific/Tahiti
    -09:30 Pacific/Marquesas
    -09:00 America/Anchorage US/Alaska
    -09:00 America/Juneau
    -09:00 America/Nome
    -09:00 America/Yakutat
    -09:00 Etc/GMT+9
    -09:00 Pacific/Gambier
    -08:00 America/Dawson
    -08:00 America/Los_Angeles US/Pacific, US/Pacific-New
    -08:00 America/Santa_Isabel
    -08:00 America/Tijuana America/Ensenada, Mexico/BajaNorte
    -08:00 America/Vancouver Canada/Pacific
    -08:00 America/Whitehorse Canada/Yukon
    -08:00 Etc/GMT+8
    -08:00 PST8PDT
    -08:00 Pacific/Pitcairn
    -07:00 America/Boise
    -07:00 America/Cambridge_Bay
    -07:00 America/Chihuahua
    -07:00 America/Dawson_Creek
    -07:00 America/Denver America/Shiprock, Navajo, US/Mountain
    -07:00 America/Edmonton Canada/Mountain
    -07:00 America/Hermosillo
    -07:00 America/Inuvik
    -07:00 America/Mazatlan Mexico/BajaSur
    -07:00 America/Ojinaga
    -07:00 America/Phoenix US/Arizona
    -07:00 America/Yellowknife
    -07:00 Etc/GMT+7
    -07:00 MST
    -07:00 MST7MDT
    -06:00 America/Bahia_Banderas
    -06:00 America/Belize
    -06:00 America/Cancun
    -06:00 America/Chicago US/Central
    -06:00 America/Costa_Rica
    -06:00 America/El_Salvador
    -06:00 America/Guatemala
    -06:00 America/Indiana/Knox America/Knox_IN, US/Indiana-Starke
    -06:00 America/Indiana/Tell_City
    -06:00 America/Managua
    -06:00 America/Matamoros
    -06:00 America/Menominee
    -06:00 America/Merida
    -06:00 America/Mexico_City Mexico/General
    -06:00 America/Monterrey
    -06:00 America/North_Dakota/Center
    -06:00 America/North_Dakota/New_Salem
    -06:00 America/Rainy_River
    -06:00 America/Rankin_Inlet
    -06:00 America/Regina Canada/East-Saskatchewan, Canada/Saskatchewan
    -06:00 America/Swift_Current
    -06:00 America/Tegucigalpa
    -06:00 America/Winnipeg Canada/Central
    -06:00 CST6CDT
    -06:00 Etc/GMT+6
    -06:00 Pacific/Easter Chile/EasterIsland
    -06:00 Pacific/Galapagos
    -05:00 America/Atikokan America/Coral_Harbour
    -05:00 America/Bogota
    -05:00 America/Cayman
    -05:00 America/Detroit US/Michigan
    -05:00 America/Grand_Turk
    -05:00 America/Guayaquil
    -05:00 America/Havana Cuba
    -05:00 America/Indiana/Indianapolis America/Fort_Wayne, America/Indianapolis US/East-Indiana
    -05:00 America/Indiana/Marengo
    -05:00 America/Indiana/Petersburg
    -05:00 America/Indiana/Vevay
    -05:00 America/Indiana/Vincennes
    -05:00 America/Indiana/Winamac
    -05:00 America/Iqaluit
    -05:00 America/Jamaica Jamaica
    -05:00 America/Kentucky/Louisville America/Louisville
    -05:00 America/Kentucky/Monticello
    -05:00 America/Lima
    -05:00 America/Montreal
    -05:00 America/Nassau
    -05:00 America/New_York US/Eastern
    -05:00 America/Nipigon
    -05:00 America/Panama
    -05:00 America/Pangnirtung
    -05:00 America/Port-au-Prince
    -05:00 America/Resolute
    -05:00 America/Thunder_Bay
    -05:00 America/Toronto Canada/Eastern
    -05:00 EST
    -05:00 EST5EDT
    -05:00 Etc/GMT+5
    -04:30 America/Caracas
    -04:00 America/Anguilla
    -04:00 America/Antigua
    -03:00 America/Argentina/San_Luis
    -04:00 America/Aruba
    -04:00 America/Asuncion
    -04:00 America/Barbados
    -04:00 America/Blanc-Sablon
    -04:00 America/Boa_Vista
    -04:00 America/Campo_Grande
    -04:00 America/Cuiaba
    -04:00 America/Curacao
    -04:00 America/Dominica
    -04:00 America/Eirunepe
    -04:00 America/Glace_Bay
    -04:00 America/Goose_Bay
    -04:00 America/Grenada
    -04:00 America/Guadeloupe America/Marigot, America/St_Barthelemy
    -04:00 America/Guyana
    -04:00 America/Halifax Canada/Atlantic
    -04:00 America/La_Paz
    -04:00 America/Manaus Brazil/West
    -04:00 America/Martinique
    -04:00 America/Moncton
    -04:00 America/Montserrat
    -04:00 America/Port_of_Spain
    -04:00 America/Porto_Velho
    -04:00 America/Puerto_Rico
    -04:00 America/Rio_Branco America/Porto_Acre, Brazil/Acre
    -04:00 America/Santiago Chile/Continental
    -04:00 America/Santo_Domingo
    -04:00 America/St_Kitts
    -04:00 America/St_Lucia
    -04:00 America/St_Thomas America/Virgin
    -04:00 America/St_Vincent
    -04:00 America/Thule
    -04:00 America/Tortola
    -04:00 Antarctica/Palmer
    -04:00 Atlantic/Bermuda
    -04:00 Atlantic/Stanley
    -04:00 Etc/GMT+4
    -03:30 America/St_Johns Canada/Newfoundland
    -03:00 America/Araguaina
    -03:00 America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires America/Buenos_Aires
    -03:00 America/Argentina/Catamarca America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia, America/Catamarca
    -03:00 America/Argentina/Cordoba America/Cordoba, America/Rosario
    -03:00 America/Argentina/Jujuy America/Jujuy
    -03:00 America/Argentina/La_Rioja
    -03:00 America/Argentina/Mendoza America/Mendoza
    -03:00 America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos
    -03:00 America/Argentina/Salta
    -03:00 America/Argentina/San_Juan
    -03:00 America/Argentina/Tucuman
    -03:00 America/Argentina/Ushuaia
    -03:00 America/Bahia
    -03:00 America/Belem
    -03:00 America/Cayenne
    -03:00 America/Fortaleza
    -03:00 America/Godthab
    -03:00 America/Maceio
    -03:00 America/Miquelon
    -03:00 America/Montevideo
    -03:00 America/Paramaribo
    -03:00 America/Recife
    -03:00 America/Santarem
    -03:00 America/Sao_Paulo Brazil/East
    -03:00 Antarctica/Rothera
    -03:00 Etc/GMT+3
    -02:00 America/Noronha Brazil/DeNoronha
    -02:00 Atlantic/South_Georgia
    -02:00 Etc/GMT+2
    -01:00 America/Scoresbysund
    -01:00 Atlantic/Azores
    -01:00 Atlantic/Cape_Verde
    -01:00 Etc/GMT+1
    +00:00 Africa/Abidjan
    +00:00 Africa/Accra
    +00:00 Africa/Bamako Africa/Timbuktu
    +00:00 Africa/Banjul
    +00:00 Africa/Bissau
    +00:00 Africa/Casablanca
    +00:00 Africa/Conakry
    +00:00 Africa/Dakar
    +00:00 Africa/El_Aaiun
    +00:00 Africa/Freetown
    +00:00 Africa/Lome
    +00:00 Africa/Monrovia
    +00:00 Africa/Nouakchott
    +00:00 Africa/Ouagadougou
    +00:00 Africa/Sao_Tome
    +00:00 America/Danmarkshavn
    +00:00 Atlantic/Canary
    +00:00 Atlantic/Faroe Atlantic/Faeroe
    +00:00 Atlantic/Madeira
    +00:00 Atlantic/Reykjavik Iceland
    +00:00 Atlantic/St_Helena
    +00:00 Etc/GMT Etc/GMT+0, Etc/GMT-0, Etc/GMT0, Etc/Greenwich, GMT, GMT+0, GMT-0, GMT0, Greenwich
    +00:00 Etc/UCT UCT
    +00:00 Etc/UTC Etc/Universal, Etc/Zulu, Universal, Zulu
    +00:00 Europe/Dublin Eire
    +00:00 Europe/Lisbon Portugal
    +00:00 Europe/London Europe/Belfast, Europe/Guernsey, Europe/Isle_of_Man, Europe/Jersey, GB, GB-Eire
    +00:00 UTC
    +00:00 WET
    +01:00 Africa/Algiers
    +01:00 Africa/Bangui
    +01:00 Africa/Brazzaville
    +01:00 Africa/Ceuta
    +01:00 Africa/Douala
    +01:00 Africa/Kinshasa
    +01:00 Africa/Lagos
    +01:00 Africa/Libreville
    +01:00 Africa/Luanda
    +01:00 Africa/Malabo
    +01:00 Africa/Ndjamena
    +01:00 Africa/Niamey
    +01:00 Africa/Porto-Novo
    +01:00 Africa/Tunis
    +01:00 Africa/Windhoek
    +01:00 CET
    +01:00 Etc/GMT-1
    +01:00 Europe/Amsterdam
    +01:00 Europe/Andorra
    +01:00 Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana, Europe/Podgorica, Europe/Sarajevo, Europe/Skopje, Europe/Zagreb
    +01:00 Europe/Berlin
    +01:00 Europe/Brussels
    +01:00 Europe/Budapest
    +01:00 Europe/Copenhagen
    +01:00 Europe/Gibraltar
    +01:00 Europe/Luxembourg
    +01:00 Europe/Madrid
    +01:00 Europe/Malta
    +01:00 Europe/Monaco
    +01:00 Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen, Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
    +01:00 Europe/Paris
    +01:00 Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
    +01:00 Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino, Europe/Vatican
    +01:00 Europe/Stockholm
    +01:00 Europe/Tirane
    +01:00 Europe/Vaduz
    +01:00 Europe/Vienna
    +01:00 Europe/Warsaw Poland
    +01:00 Europe/Zurich
    +01:00 MET
    +02:00 Africa/Blantyre
    +02:00 Africa/Bujumbura
    +02:00 Africa/Cairo Egypt
    +02:00 Africa/Gaborone
    +02:00 Africa/Harare
    +02:00 Africa/Johannesburg
    +02:00 Africa/Kigali
    +02:00 Africa/Lubumbashi
    +02:00 Africa/Lusaka
    +02:00 Africa/Maputo
    +02:00 Africa/Maseru
    +02:00 Africa/Mbabane
    +02:00 Africa/Tripoli Libya
    +02:00 Asia/Amman
    +02:00 Asia/Beirut
    +02:00 Asia/Damascus
    +02:00 Asia/Gaza
    +02:00 Asia/Jerusalem Asia/Tel_Aviv, Israel
    +02:00 Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
    +02:00 EET
    +02:00 Etc/GMT-2
    +02:00 Europe/Athens
    +02:00 Europe/Bucharest
    +02:00 Europe/Chisinau Europe/Tiraspol
    +02:00 Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
    +02:00 Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul, Turkey
    +02:00 Europe/Kaliningrad
    +02:00 Europe/Kiev
    +02:00 Europe/Minsk
    +02:00 Europe/Riga
    +02:00 Europe/Simferopol
    +02:00 Europe/Sofia
    +02:00 Europe/Tallinn
    +02:00 Europe/Uzhgorod
    +02:00 Europe/Vilnius
    +02:00 Europe/Zaporozhye
    +03:00 Africa/Addis_Ababa
    +03:00 Africa/Asmara Africa/Asmera
    +03:00 Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
    +03:00 Africa/Djibouti
    +03:00 Africa/Kampala
    +03:00 Africa/Khartoum
    +03:00 Africa/Mogadishu
    +03:00 Africa/Nairobi
    +03:00 Antarctica/Syowa
    +03:00 Asia/Aden
    +03:00 Asia/Baghdad
    +03:00 Asia/Bahrain
    +03:00 Asia/Kuwait
    +03:00 Asia/Qatar
    +03:00 Asia/Riyadh
    +03:00 Etc/GMT-3
    +03:00 Europe/Moscow W-SU
    +03:00 Europe/Samara
    +03:00 Europe/Volgograd
    +03:00 Indian/Antananarivo
    +03:00 Indian/Comoro
    +03:00 Indian/Mayotte
    +03:30 Asia/Tehran Iran
    +04:00 Asia/Baku
    +04:00 Asia/Dubai
    +04:00 Asia/Muscat
    +04:00 Asia/Tbilisi
    +04:00 Asia/Yerevan
    +04:00 Etc/GMT-4
    +04:00 Indian/Mahe
    +04:00 Indian/Mauritius
    +04:00 Indian/Reunion
    +04:30 Asia/Kabul
    +05:00 Antarctica/Mawson
    +05:00 Asia/Aqtau
    +05:00 Asia/Aqtobe
    +05:00 Asia/Ashgabat Asia/Ashkhabad
    +05:00 Asia/Dushanbe
    +05:00 Asia/Karachi
    +05:00 Asia/Oral
    +05:00 Asia/Samarkand
    +05:00 Asia/Tashkent
    +05:00 Asia/Yekaterinburg
    +05:00 Etc/GMT-5
    +05:00 Indian/Kerguelen
    +05:00 Indian/Maldives
    +05:30 Asia/Colombo
    +05:30 Asia/Kolkata Asia/Calcutta
    +05:45 Asia/Kathmandu Asia/Katmandu
    +06:00 Antarctica/Vostok
    +06:00 Asia/Almaty
    +06:00 Asia/Bishkek
    +06:00 Asia/Dhaka Asia/Dacca
    +06:00 Asia/Novokuznetsk
    +06:00 Asia/Novosibirsk
    +06:00 Asia/Omsk
    +06:00 Asia/Qyzylorda
    +06:00 Asia/Thimphu Asia/Thimbu
    +06:00 Etc/GMT-6
    +06:00 Indian/Chagos
    +06:30 Asia/Rangoon
    +06:30 Indian/Cocos
    +07:00 Antarctica/Davis
    +07:00 Asia/Bangkok
    +07:00 Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh Asia/Saigon
    +07:00 Asia/Hovd
    +07:00 Asia/Jakarta
    +07:00 Asia/Krasnoyarsk
    +07:00 Asia/Phnom_Penh
    +07:00 Asia/Pontianak
    +07:00 Asia/Vientiane
    +07:00 Etc/GMT-7
    +07:00 Indian/Christmas
    +08:00 Antarctica/Casey
    +08:00 Asia/Brunei
    +08:00 Asia/Choibalsan
    +08:00 Asia/Chongqing Asia/Chungking
    +08:00 Asia/Harbin
    +08:00 Asia/Hong_Kong Hongkong
    +08:00 Asia/Irkutsk
    +08:00 Asia/Kashgar
    +08:00 Asia/Kuala_Lumpur
    +08:00 Asia/Kuching
    +08:00 Asia/Macau Asia/Macao
    +08:00 Asia/Makassar Asia/Ujung_Pandang
    +08:00 Asia/Manila
    +08:00 Asia/Shanghai PRC
    +08:00 Asia/Singapore Singapore
    +08:00 Asia/Taipei ROC
    +08:00 Asia/Ulaanbaatar Asia/Ulan_Bator
    +08:00 Asia/Urumqi
    +08:00 Australia/Perth Australia/West
    +08:00 Etc/GMT-8
    +08:45 Australia/Eucla
    +09:00 Asia/Dili
    +09:00 Asia/Jayapura
    +09:00 Asia/Pyongyang
    +09:00 Asia/Seoul ROK
    +09:00 Asia/Tokyo Japan
    +09:00 Asia/Yakutsk
    +09:00 Etc/GMT-9
    +09:00 Pacific/Palau
    +09:30 Australia/Adelaide Australia/South
    +09:30 Australia/Broken_Hill Australia/Yancowinna
    +09:30 Australia/Darwin Australia/North
    +10:00 Antarctica/DumontDUrville
    +10:00 Asia/Sakhalin
    +10:00 Asia/Vladivostok
    +10:00 Australia/Brisbane Australia/Queensland
    +10:00 Australia/Currie
    +10:00 Australia/Hobart Australia/Tasmania
    +10:00 Australia/Lindeman
    +10:00 Australia/Melbourne Australia/Victoria
    +10:00 Australia/Sydney Australia/ACT, Australia/Canberra, Australia/NSW
    +10:00 Etc/GMT-10
    +10:00 Pacific/Chuuk Pacific/Truk, Pacific/Yap
    +10:00 Pacific/Guam
    +10:00 Pacific/Port_Moresby
    +10:00 Pacific/Saipan
    +10:30 Australia/Lord_Howe Australia/LHI
    +11:00 Antarctica/Macquarie
    +11:00 Asia/Anadyr
    +11:00 Asia/Kamchatka
    +11:00 Asia/Magadan
    +11:00 Etc/GMT-11
    +11:00 Pacific/Efate
    +11:00 Pacific/Guadalcanal
    +11:00 Pacific/Kosrae
    +11:00 Pacific/Noumea
    +11:00 Pacific/Pohnpei Pacific/Ponape
    +11:30 Pacific/Norfolk
    +12:00 Antarctica/McMurdo Antarctica/South_Pole
    +12:00 Etc/GMT-12
    +12:00 Pacific/Auckland NZ
    +12:00 Pacific/Fiji
    +12:00 Pacific/Funafuti
    +12:00 Pacific/Kwajalein Kwajalein
    +12:00 Pacific/Majuro
    +12:00 Pacific/Nauru
    +12:00 Pacific/Tarawa
    +12:00 Pacific/Wake
    +12:00 Pacific/Wallis
    +12:45 Pacific/Chatham NZ-CHAT
    +13:00 Etc/GMT-13
    +13:00 Pacific/Enderbury
    +13:00 Pacific/Tongatapu
    +14:00 Etc/GMT-14
    +14:00 Pacific/Kiritimati
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